How do we use likelihood ratios?

Likelihood ratios are a good measure of the clinical value of a diagnostic test. Positive likelihood ratio = sensitivity/(1-specificity), where sensitivity is defined as the fraction of patients who have the disease and yield a positive test result, and specificity is the fraction of patients who do not have the disease and yield a negative Read More …

If I am sent back in time, 300 years, how do I manufacture antibiotics from scratch?

The easiest procedure would be to make tea from cinchona bark – enough quinine can be extracted this way to make a therapeutically useful dose for malaria treatment. Making a reasonably potent antibacterial compound is much more difficult. The natural ß-lactams, such as penicillin, are not chemically very stable, so you would have a very Read More …